Publications

Farm Mechanization is one of the important area, which need to be develop over the time. Since the agricultural practices have been introduced to the humankind, method of cultivation has been progressed. In India agriculture is one of the prime source of employment and livelihood. Especially, tribal community of this country mainly depends on the agriculture for their livelihood. In this regard farm mechanization becomes one of the important area to analyse. This paper aims to investigate the status of farm mechanization among tribal farmers. The study is conducted in the Khargone district of Madhya Pradesh. It is a western tribal belt of Madhya Pradesh Primary data has been used for the detailed analysis along with secondary data. The Primary data has been analysed to explore the farm power availability among the farmers. The method to calculate farm power has been adopted by the SMAM (Sub-mission on Agricultural mechanization) report. Along with this, chi-square method has been used to analysed the socio-economic status of the farmers. Further regression analysis has been conducted to investigate the impact of mechanized and non-mechanized farm power sources on the productivity. The findings of the study suggest that still adoption of mechanization is low among the tribal farmers. Moreover, tribal farmers who own tractors have better productivity than those who rent it. This study would help research community to understand the socio economic condition and adoption of mechanization among the tribal farmers. Also, there is a need to do more extensive research work to understand the lag behind the low adoption of the mechanization among tribal farmers. Keywords – Farm mechanization, Tribal, Farm power, mechanized power sources, non- mechanized power sources.

Horticultural sector plays an important role in the economic development and guarantees food and diversified nutrient security in an economy, as it is true in case of Jammu and Kashmir economy. In this regard, the present study investigated the economics of pear cultivation in South Kashmir of Jammu and Kashmir and the factors that affect the economics of pear cultivation in the study area. The study analyses Cost-Benefit analysis (CBA) and Cobb-Douglas production function to derive interpretations. The findings show that on average ₹. 27654.34 of profit was earned by the producer on the cultivation of pear fruit in the South Kashmir region. Cobb-Douglas production function result indicated that law of decreasing returns was operational in pear farms in South Kashmir. While, fixed and material inputs were positively affecting the production of pear, labour charges had negative impact on the returns on pear cultivation. The study has significant implications as it provides the in-depth understanding of economics of pear cultivation. The findings indicate that extensive reforms are required to regenerate the pear cultivation in the study area, as most of the growers are small farmers.

2019 Prominence of Pear in South Kashmir- A Case Study (download)

Farm mechanization means the improved way of doing farm practices that needs least effort and resource. In last century world has witnessed many transformations in agriculture sector. Farming practice has been revolutionized with introduction of tractor & tractor driven equipments (Mechanical). On the other hand important inputs like seed, fertilizers and pesticides (Chemical) are the key input that has been developed to increase the production and productivity. After Independence, rising population, demand for food, poor rural development and pathetic Farmers’ socio-economic status, have been the inherent truth about the agricultural sector of India. With the development of mechanization in agriculture, only few states have witnessed to emerged as the model state in agriculture (Since Green revolution). Therefore, this paper aims to review the past, present and future perspective of farm mechanization in India. The paper has extensively used past literature to substantiate it in four themes, namely, initiatives by Government for farm mechanization, Impact of mechanical sources so far, Impact of chemical catalyst and last future of farm mechanization.

2019 Perspectives of Farm Mechanization in India – A Review Paper (download)

Horticultural sector has assumed ever-increasing importance in Jammu and Kashmir economy. In this regard, the present study was carried out to evaluate the cost and benefits received by the different groups of farmers in the Kulgam and Shopian district of Kashmir valley. For this purpose, data from 180 apple growers was collected through a structured questionnaire. Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) and Cobb-Douglas production function was run to obtain results. The finding indicated that the average profit received by the producer Rs. 350,695.48 on the apple cultivation while in case of different farmers, medium and large size farm owners were major beneficiaries. Furthermore, the findings indicate that in case of medium size and large farm owners, law of increasing returns to scale was operating while in case of small growers law of decreasing returns was operational. The findings indicate that farm size is key factor in the production efficiency of apple orchards. The significance of the study is that it will help to understand technical efficiency and operational conditions prevalent in the apple orchards.

2019 Economics of Horticulture crops in J and K- A Case Study of Apple Fruit (download)

This study intends to examine the role of financial sector in supporting the economic growth by exploring the direction of causality between money supply and GDP growth so as to ascertain a model which will help in analysing the impact of the causality established. Further, it analyses the trends and shifts in money supply and GDP while looking for the probable reasons affecting the causality. Unit root test is used to check stationarity, followed by granger causality to understand the direction of relationship between money supply and GDP. Thereafter, a Partial Adjustment Model (PAM) is used to estimate the lagged behaviour of the causal relationship thus established. While the series came out to be stationary at level, a unidirectional causal relation from money supply to GDP was established from the results. Tests further clarified that development of financial sector has been a catalyst in accelerating the economic growth in the post-reform epoch.

2018 Effect of Broad Money on Economic Growth- An Empirical Analysis (download)

Horticulture is the fastest growing sector within agriculture on the basis of economic prosperity in India that has provoked marked changes in the lifestyles, tastes and preferences and the consumption habits from traditional food commodities to processed and high value commodities. Higher incomes and urbanization in India, changing lifestyles, international market integration and trade liberalization are expected to increase the demand for horticultural products even further.
The paper investigates the trend in productivity of horticulture fruit crops on all India level for the period (2001-2015) using secondary source of data. We have also analysed the share of area and production of fruits to horticulture output in major fruit growing states of India and their decadal variations in area, production, and productivity. Our study concludes that, though the trend analysis suggests increasing trend in fruits production, but the overall scenario indicates that we lack in efficiency. Similar scenario is reflected in decadal growth rate (DGR) complimented by Matrix analysis, that among 29 Indian states, very few fall under efficient category. This study indicates that over the three decades there has been change in the efficiency of Indian states for productivity in horticulture. The last analysis of the study specially identifies Indian states in four categories, which can prove instrumental in policy framework and help the development of horticulture production in India.

2018 Production and Productivity of Fruits in Post Reform Period among Major Fruit Producing States of India (download)

The horticulture sector in J&K accounts only for 13 per cent of the net sown area but contributes 45 per cent of the state’s agricultural GDP (Economic survey 2013-14). The diversified agro-climatic zones in the state, ranging from temperate in Kashmir to sub-tropical in Jammu, and cold arid in Ladakh, make it favourable to grow different high value horticulture produce, which contributes enormously to strengthen the financial condition of Jammu and Kashmir economy. The study has analysed the distribution mechanism and price spread of apple and pear fruits in the study area that is south Kashmir. It will help us to understand the market efficiency under different market channels operating in the study area. Therefore, analysis of market efficiency is important part of this study. It is a primary source data-base study of 300 growers of Kulgam and Shopian district.
The overall marketing system of Horticulture crops, at present, has not been efficient and economical. As a result, the growers get quite a low share in the consumer’s rupee. It needs to be strengthened by way of developing a suitable marketing infrastructure. A defective distribution system alone is not responsible for the low returns to the growers. The fact of the matter is that a host of other factors have adversely affected the profitability of fruit trade. Once these bottle necks are removed or corrected the fruit industry is bound to flourish to the maximum advantage to the growers in particular and to the state in general.

DISTRIBUTION MECHANISM AND PRICE SPREAD OF SELECTED HORTICULTURE CROPS IN SOUTH KASHMIR (download)

This study intends to examine the role of financial sector in dealing with the foreign investment inflows of the country. The main aim of this paper is to establish a causal relation between FDI and economic growth so as to ascertain a model which will help in analysing the impact of the causality established. Further, it analyses the role of financial sector in supporting the relationship between foreign investment inflows and growth of the economy. Unit root test is used to check stationarity, followed by granger causality to understand the direction of relationship between FDI and GDP. Thereafter, the impact is assessed using single and multiple linear regression. While the series came out to be stationary at second difference, a unidirectional causal relation from GDP to FDI was established from the results. Tests further clarified that development of financial sector along with economic growth over the years have attracted foreign investment inflows in the economy in the post-reform epoch.

2017 Interlinkages between Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Growth and Financial Sector in India (download)

Economists agree that governance is one of the critical factors explaining the divergence in performance across regions / countries. Whenever any economy undergoes profound economic changes, it is implicitly presumed that the benefits of economic growth will automatically trickle down to poor and reduce income inequality across regions. As a result positive changes will be reflected in the form of increased employment opportunities, good standard of living and low rate of total economic crime and so on. As observed by the UNDP (1997) report that result of good governance is development that gives priority to poor, advances the cause of women, sustains the environment and creates needed opportunities for employment and other livelihoods. Therefore the phenomena of good governance are usually explained in the form of economic policies in decision making processes that must contribute to reduction in all types of inequalities across regions.
On the contrary, studies on economic growth and development highlighted that the major problems of developing countries are unequal income distribution and low growth rate, which affects their welfare aspects. Early works done by Anderson (1964) and Aaron (1967) showed that there was an inverse relationship between growth and income distribution. However, Kaufmann, et al. (1999a, 1999b, 2002) indicated a strong causal relationship running from good governance to an increasing level of per capita income and other social outcomes. Thus we see the concept of good Governance is multifaceted and encompasses different element of the state and the society.
Our study shows that throughout the country although there has been an increase in per capita income (measured in terms of net state domestic product NSDP, over the decade (2000-2011) but the differences emerged in terms of increase in total economic crime and employment opportunities. With the help of Lorenz Curve, we have depicted significant inequality between income and total economic crime rate. Similarly, inequality also observed for per capita employment opportunity generation for all Indian states. The coefficient of variation for per capita income and per capita employment opportunity has increased by more than 10 per cent over the decade. Whereas for total economic crime, there has been a fall in coefficient of variation for more than 13 per cent which indicate that there has been consistency in total economic crime. Our study strongly advocates that Indian economic policies fail to translate its impact in the form of good governance because it has increased inequalities across Indian states.
Key Words: Polarization, good governance, Economic Crime, NSDP, Lorenz Curve, inequalities

2016 Good Governance and Social Polarization amongst Indian Statesand its Implication (download)

Development is a continuous process; moreover we do not just plan for development but rather intent for sustainable development. As in India, infrastructure sector has been a leading sector of development; the network of roads on highways as well as technology of making roads (Asphalt and concrete) has brought in an upturn change in life span of roads. Exigent need of Urban Public Transport is an outcome of this development which has emerged due to many significant reasons. The paper broadly analyses the need, development, challenges and prospects of BRTS system in reference to Indore city.
Infrastructure development has been a bottleneck in development of Indore. The city has witnessed problems of poor road conditions, lack of adequate public transport facilities and inefficient private transport operations for a long period of time, until the commencement of the new century. This road has links to different part of the city so there was a dire need to develop a BRTS which would connect to major part of the city. Hence it is a vital task of the local, state and central government to have vision about the need of public transport and execute projects like BRTS efficiently.

2016 BRTS- Key to Urban Public Transport (With special reference to Indore City) (download)

This paper tries to examine the nature of economic growth of Indian economy and its contribution in the development of states over the decade of 2000-2011. Here we hypothesised that the national income must be distributed uniformly among the states to reduce regional disparities. Thus this paper measures the variations prevailing across regions in terms of per capita income and state development expenditure. Here we have tried to check consistency in income earning that exists across regions which is the key indicator of inclusive growth. The paper has estimated that there are only 13 states found out of total states of 30 that are consistent in achieving growth over a decade of 2000 to 2011. In remaining states this consistency in income generation is less than the national average. This indicated that the economic growth has failed to distribute its fruits evenly in all the regions. The variations in generations of income across states emphasize that effective measures are needed to reduce regional disparities.

2015 Measurement of Growth and Income Inequality Across Indian States (download)

This paper is an attempt to analyze the inter-relationship between economic development and different demographic indicators during the period 2001 to 2011 across Indian states. In India, this period was marked as period of high economic growth period on one hand and low population growth on the other, as compared to all previous decades. Different literatures have pointed out that economic growth correlates itself to the demographic indicators like literacy, age structure of the population, fertility rate, poverty rate, etc. In any country economic development is a driver to bring changes in demographic variables to varying degrees and directions. In turn, demography may affect the educational enrollment, human capital and productivity component through its impact on savings, investments, human capital formation, technological change, etc. (Kelley and Schmidt, 2005). They also found a positive and significant relationship between growth of per capita income and growth in the share of the working age population; that in-turn put significant effect on the growth rate of output per worker. Williamson 1998, Alexia 2007, Bloom and canning 2000, 2007, 2008; Navaneetham & Dharmalingam, 2011). While making comparisons across different Indian states in terms of demographic parameters and economic performances, the study establishesthe fact that NSDP per capita is a better and demonstrative indicator to assess the inter-state economic performance rather than pure NSDP. Accordingly, different stateswere categorized among developed, less developed and under-developed states.It is found that states which secure higher position in terms of Net State Domestic Product have being put to less developed or under-developed states after measuring them in terms of NSDP per capita. Moreover, states which fall in developed category have fair population growth in last century and poor performers on demographic front i.e., low achievers in terms of literacy growth, mortality rate and low output per worker etc. The study has concluded that literacy is inelastic to NSDP across Indian states, however when it is regressed categorically for Indian states according to their development level, then the inferences are more specific and clear.

The Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) have emerged as a very feasible, viable, and growing mode of creating infrastructure for our country. Though public sector will continue to play a dominant role in building of infrastructure, the PPPs have enabled us to channelize private sector investment in infrastructure. Keeping in mind that our country is still starved of adequate infrastructure required for high level development, the opportunities for the growth of joint venture between both the sectors are huge and desirable. The anticipated percentage participation of the private sector in the twelfth plan is much higher than the eleventh plan. The Indian PPP scenario as it stands today presents an optimistic picture. However several bottlenecks and challenges have been encountered in PPP model development. Some of the major challenges also relate to regulation and availability of finance for the private sector. The Government of India on its part has been fully aware of the benefits that such partnerships can offer to our country and has been taking steps to remove some of these problems. The present study is an attempt to peek into the scope, future growth and risks that such partnerships may hold for our country.

Gaining economic prosperity for a country like India that had been in the shackles of colonial rule for nearly two hundred years seemed a daunting task ahead. India’s stagnated GDP growth for three decades averaged around 3.5 per cent even after independence, which also earned it the status of a ‘Hindu Growth Rate’, a term coined by Prof Raj Krishna. The overall GDP growth rate was pulled down by the low agricultural growth rate compared to the rates in industry and services.
The paper tries to assess growth of different parameters of agriculture production. It has also analyzed the impact of various natural resources pertaining to agriculture sector like cropping intensity, net irrigated area etc., on growth of the economy has been the focus of this study (1990-2008). The analysis concludes that although there is growth in cropping intensity, but it is not complemented with increase in net area sown. Moreover, the rise in total cropped area is not translating into increased Agri production. It is also inferred that cropping intensity is increasing with stagnant net area sown, which is leading to degradation of land quality. Secondly the contribution of Agri sector to Indian GDP is inelastic, which reveals that in post liberalized period this sector has been neglected to a large extent. The government policies need enormous efforts to be put in through fiscal as well as monetary measures to boost the Agri production in a sustainable approach. Overall, it can be concluded that the economic development of India in the period of study has a very minuscule contribution from Agri sector and the natural resources utilized for this sector need to be addressed meticulously for sustainable growth.

2014 Land Use Pattern in Agriculture and its Impact on Economic Development (download)

Government of India has been taking various types of measures to control inflation along with measures to keep pace of economic growth. To ensure Food security we need to think over two aspects firstly availability of food grains to the masses and secondly the nutritional content of the Agri produce. The study analyses the reasons for growth in inflation rate and reasons for problem of food security in India for the period 1991-2011. The focus of the paper is to analyse growth in production of major constituents of food basket like food grain, oilseeds and vital products like milk, egg and fish. The paper also reasons out the measures taken by Indian government in respect to warehousing facility and Public Distribution system.
The findings of the paper asserts that growth of inflation after 2000 mainly due to supply side factors has adversely affected the purchasing capacity of the population. Along with this hike of inflationary pressures the growth of major constituents of our food consumption basket has not been promising. Another important finding of the paper discusses that average MSP for food grain is more time elastic than inflation elastic whereas it should have been the other way. It should be more sensitive to variation in Average Annual Inflation Rate, so it can be inferred that government support to farmers in respect to hike in MSP does not match the hike in inflation rate. The measures taken by government to ensure food security have been manifolds, but their quantitative assessment is still impending. Thus, it can be concluded that with control on inflation in recent time period and various measures taken by the government to ensure smooth operation of PDS India in time to come will combat with problem of food security conveniently.

2012 Impact of Inflation on Food Security in India (download)

In the year 1991, India entered the era of Liberalization, Privatization, Globalization (LPG policy of the government). The effective management of monetary policy by all the RBI governors towards maintaining economic stability and the government’s impetus to bolster growth through the LPG policies is making an affirmative change in the economic environment of the country. This paper is an attempt to assess the impact of these policy changes on some of the wealth components of the Indian economy.

The paper analyzes the impact of financial liberalization on savings and capital formation by the households of the economy. It gives an econometric analysis of the performance of Indian economy during the past two decades of financial liberalization. The study period has been from 1991-2010. The analysis tries to focus first on the aggregate change in household wealth (i.e. the increase in capital assets during liberalization period). Secondly the study attempts to check whether liberalization has helped people consume out of illiquid assets. Thirdly the paper examines the impact of changes in interest rates on aggregate consumption expenditure

This paper attempts to assess the impact of policies pursued as part of the LPG approach. It is useful in assessing the impact of various policy measures on important components of wealth in the Indian economy.

2012 Analysis of Some Wealth Components in Post-Liberalized Indian Economy (download)

The paper explores the impact of WTO provisions on Indian agri trade by analyzing different variables like agri export, agri import, trade openness etc. The researchers have taken data for fifteen years and analyzed with the help of econometrics tools the trend of Indian agri exports and imports. It is very interesting to note that the analysis reflects that growth of agri income is less compared to agri exports and agri imports in the same period. At the same if we compare growth of agri exports with agri imports it is also less for the same period. These statistics show that we need to improve our country’s position of agri exports in future. Increased interaction with world market has forced us to diversify our agro export basket to include more value added produce like alphanso mango and basmati rice instead of relying only on cheap labour. The other factor analyzed in this paper is trade openness which reflects that Indian agri trade has been liberalized over the time and although we entered the AoA in 1995 but its effect were realized in 1999. The environmental impact of WTO provisions have been examined by taking different econometric models, wherein we have explanatory variables like trade openness, cropped area, percentage of agri exports in total exports and percentage of agri imports in total imports. The regression results show that trade openness is a significant factor contributing to use of fertilizers. It also implies that the percentage of agri exports in total exports is not only reducing over the time but also insignificant to consumption of fertilizer in the country. Thus the study has been devoted to the changing scenario of our agri trade in the liberalized era.

2012 Indian Agricultural Trade and its Impact on Environment under WTO Regime (download)

This paper tries to analyze the causal relationship between the External commercial borrowing (ECB) and index of Indian industrial production (IIP) over a period from 1994-2010. The ECB are used by Indian Corporate as an additional source of foreign funds for financing their short term fresh investments, expansion of existing capacities and imports. The RBI has been watchful about allowing rupee expenditure through ECB because of its protectionist stand towards full capital account convertibility. Full capital account convertibility denotes free international capital movement, and the freedom to convert domestic currency into other internationally-accepted currencies and vice versa. Ideally, an increase in external debt of the country should be matched by growth in its forex reserves to maintain solvency in the long run. The findings of the paper suggests that their exists a significant positive relationship between the ECB and IIP over the period under study which reflected that ECB acted as a major input for the positive growth of industrial production in the Indian Economy. However, the growth of ECB is found to be more fluctuating as compared to the growth of IIP. One of the reasons could be that the policies for ECB have seen considerable changes over the period of study.

2011 An Impact of External Commercial Borrowings on Indian Industrial Economy (download)